Game Conservancy Annual Review, 18, 93–98.ĭukas, R. The development of anti-predator responses in gamebird chicks. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 38, 489–514.ĭawkins, R., & Krebs, J. The evolution of color polymorphism: Crypticity, searching images, and apostatic selection. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 67, 241–251.īond, A. Innate and enhanced predator recognition in hatchery-reared Chinook salmon. Buss (Ed.), The handbook of evolutionary psychology. Adaptive responses of predators and prey and prey to predators: The failure of the arms-race analogy. Learn about what the Department of Justice is doing to combat human trafficking.Abrams, P. Traffickers can be pimps, gang members, diplomats, business owners, labor brokers, and farm, factory, and company owners. People often incorrectly assume that all traffickers are males however, the United States has prosecuted cases against women traffickers. They can act alone or as part of an organized criminal enterprise. citizens, family members, partners, acquaintances, and strangers. Traffickers can be foreign nationals or U.S. Just as there is no one type of trafficking victim, perpetrators of this crime also vary. Trafficking situations can be found across the United States. Victims can be exploited for commercial sex in numerous contexts, including on the street, in illicit massage parlors, cantinas, brothels, or through escort services and online advertising. Others are in plain view, interact with people on a daily basis, and are forced to work under extreme circumstances in exotic dance clubs, factories, or restaurants. In some cases, victims are hidden behind doors in domestic servitude in a home. Victims can be found in legal and illegal labor industries, including child care, elder care, the drug trade, massage parlors, nail and hair salons, restaurants, hotels, factories, and farms. In the United States, trafficking victims can be American or foreign citizens. Trafficking victims are deceived by false promises of love, a good job, or a stable life and are lured or forced into situations where they are made to work under deplorable conditions with little or no pay. VulnerabilitiesĪlthough there is no defining characteristic that all human trafficking victims share, traffickers around the world frequently prey on individuals whose vulnerabilities, including poverty, limited English proficiency, or lack of lawful immigration status, are exacerbated by lack of stable, safe housing, and limited economic and educational opportunities. But as is the case in many crimes of exploitation and abuse, human traffickers often prey upon members of marginalized communities and other vulnerable individuals, including children in the child welfare system or children in the child welfare system or children who have been involved in the juvenile justice system runaway and homeless youth unaccompanied children persons who do not have lawful immigration status in the United States Black people and other people of color American Indians, Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians, Pacific Islanders, and other indigenous peoples of North America Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and Intersex (LGBTQI+) individuals migrant laborers persons with disabilities and individuals with substance use disorder. Victims of human trafficking can be anyone-regardless of race, color, national origin, disability, religion, age, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, socioeconomic status, education level, or citizenship status. There is no single profile of a trafficking victim. Exploitation of a minor for commercial sex is human trafficking, regardless of whether any form of force, fraud, or coercion was used. The coercion can be subtle or overt, physical or psychological. Human trafficking, also known as trafficking in persons, is a crime that involves compelling or coercing a person to provide labor or services, or to engage in commercial sex acts.
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